What is the difference between Democrats and Republicans?

Huh.  That's a tough one.   I get asked this every year, and I would love to give you a short, simple answer, but I can't.  


To start with, Democrats are viewed as liberal and Republicans are viewed as conservative.  Yeah, I know.  That didn't help.  But, let's start with those words.
A liberal, by definition, is favorable to reform, or change.  They believe people should be free to exercise their personal beliefs.  They are more likely to side with the rights of the individual over the  good of the group.
A conservative, by definition, favors preserving the established customs and traditions.
So maybe that helped, if so, great!  If not, let's take a look at some specific issues.

Business and the Economy:
Democrats tend to think that the government should regulate and oversee the economy. This is necessary to make sure that businesses do what is best for the community, environment, etc., instead of only worrying about profit in its decision making.  With this, Democrats believe there should be a federal minimum wage, to make sure that workers with full-time jobs are not as likely to live below the poverty line.
Republicans tend to believe that government should take a laissez -faire, or  hands off,  approach to businesses.  In their view, government regulations waste money and resources.  In the end, this waste costs jobs.  Furthermore, they believe that businesses will act responsibly without regulation.  In a healthy marketplace, with many competitors, the consumer will purchase the best product and will choose not to buy products from unethical companies.  Republicans tend to be against the minimum wage.  They believe that business owners could hire more people if there was not a minimum wage, which would decrease the unemployment rate.
Taxes: 
In order to have an interstate system or a military, we have to have taxes.  No one likes them, but they are necessary.  Still, the 2 political parties have differing views on them.
Democrats believe in a progressive tax.  This system hinges on the idea that we set up a tax system based on who is more able to pay.  While Democrats would say a flat tax of 10 percent might seem more fair, it isn't.  A progressive tax allows the poorest to keep more of their money, while taxing at a higher rate the wealthiest in our country.  Democrats are currently working to close tax loopholes.  These are ways that the wealthy have been able to protect some of their income from being taxed.  Democrats are opposed to a federal sales tax.  Since poorer people spend a larger percentage of their income on goods, this would hurt them more than it would the wealthier people.  This kind of a tax, that taxes the poor more heavily, is called a regressive tax. 
Republicans believe that the income tax is unconstitutional.  It was passed, as the 16th Amendment, and should be repealed.  Since everyone agrees that is not likely to happen, then Republicans are for a flat tax rate.  The same percentage for everyone. Republicans favor this because they believe a progressive tax does not reward hard work.  Those who work hard, get good jobs, and make good investments should get to keep their money.  Also, according to Republicans, this would keep more money in the hands of the businessmen who would turn around and invest the money back into business.  When this money is invested, it would create more jobs, and the effects of this kept wealth would trickle down to the poorer people.  It's called trickle down economics.  A vocal group of Republicans are also for a federal sales tax.  Called VAT, or "value added tax," some believe that this tax is needed to reform our tax system. 
Defense:  

Democrats believe that we should decrease defense spending.  They also believe that we need to continue taking part in organizations like the United Nations and NATO.  Democrats believe that diplomacy, or continued talks between nations, will prevent war.  Democrats tend to trust that nations behave in their best interest and war is not in a country's best interest.
Republicans believe that we should keep defense spending at current levels or increase it.  They believe that organizations such as the UN keep us from doing what is best for our country, having to cater to too many other opinions.  They believe that the best way to avoid war is to make it clear to other nations that our military is something to be feared.  If acting logically, nations would see that they would not win against our military might.

Gun Control:
Democrats  believe that the 2nd Amendment is not absolute.  That the people, some people, may have weapons, and hopefully these are for hunting purposes only.  They believe that there should be a background check for all those wanting to obtain a firearm so that criminals and those with a history of mental instability do not get their hands on the weapons.  Also, they typically believe that there are some firearms that the people should not be able to purchase (bazookas, machine guns and armor-piercing bullets.)  Democrats also tend to believe that the right to a well regulated militia is at least partially covered by each state's National Guard.  Democrats also place a concern on the murder rate.  Of all of the countries in the world, the United States is in the top five for the number of murders committed by handguns each year.  Democrats believe that if guns were not in so many hands, the number of murders each year would decrease.
Republicans tend to think that the 2nd Amendment is absolute.  When the amendment states that a well regulated militia is needed to keep America free, conservatives often take this to mean that every American citizen has the right to own (and often carry) any type of weapon he/she chooses.  They might ask: Would we have dictators like Stalin, Mao, Hitler, Amin, etc if the people had the means to fight against these men? 
Death Penalty:  
Many Democrats are for the death penalty and many are against it.  Those who are for it, tend to believe that there are some crimes that are so terrible, that the people who committed them should be put to death.  Those who are against the death penalty believe that our prison system should work to reform prisoners.  Also many view our justice system as flawed, pointing out that around 5 percent of those convicted of murder are later exonerated, or found not guilty.  While it is possible to release those who have been wrongly convicted, it is not possible to take back a death penalty.
Republicans view the death penalty as essential.  There are some people in our society that are so depraved that, for the good of the whole, we need to put them to death.  They also point out that the productive members of society, those who work and pay their taxes, are paying for these inmates room and board. Republicans also believe that the death penalty serves to deter to crime.  If one knows that there is the possibility of being put to death, that that fact might stop them from committing the crime.  
There are other issues:

Immigration:
Democrats: want to help illegal immigrants become citizens
Republicans: keep potential illegal immigrants out by building and policing a fence on our Mexican border, and send illegal immigrants back to their home countries (repatriate them).
Energy:  
Both believe that we need to stop relying so much on oil.  The  countries that provide the bulk of the oil (such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Venezuela) are unstable politically.  Both parties believe our dependence on this natural resource limits our abilities to take a hard stand against their governments.
Democrats believe that the Federal Government should provide funding to businesses to create alternative energy.  They also believe that we should not drill for oil in the Alaska or in the ocean, due to environmental concerns.
Republicans believe that the government should not provide financial incentives to businesses to develop alternative energy.  Businesses will create these energies on their own as the market shifts away from using oil, naturally.  In the meantime, Republicans want to decrease dependence on foreign oil by producing our own,  These sources could come from drilling in Alaska, in the Gulf of Mexico, or using shale to create oil. 
Religion:  
Democrats tend to take it seriously when the 1st Amendment guaranteed freedom of religion and the Constitution said that the nation would not institute a national religion.  Democrats tend to believe that,  as a multi-cultural country, we should learn about and accept all religious beliefs, making sure that any institutes that receive federal funding (schools, courts, government offices) should not show preference to one religion over another.
Republicans believe that when the Founding Fathers chose to protect religious freedom, they were doing so with the understanding that religion and a belief in God were still important principles.  Our country is based on Christian tradition.  Our money says "In God We Trust."  They believe that the Founding Fathers did not want to keep religion out of our system of governing, but rather did not want to force anyone to believe a specific doctrine. 


But...
Other political groups, such as the Green Party, the Libertarians, and the Tea Party would say that there really isn't a big difference between the Democrats and the Republicans.  When it comes to their cozy relationship with big business, sending money to aid foreign nations rather than focusing on issues here at home, etc, that they are all the same.  They would say that they have moved more towards a moderate, or middle position

So, while it's important to know what Democrats and Republicans tend to believe, each election is different and each candidate is different.  Be an independent thinker and learn about the candidates.  Then you can decide who you would cast your vote for.

Some good political websites for any election: 

http://www.factcheck.org/

http://www.politifact.com/

http://www.votesmart.org/

Sources:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conservative?show=0&t=1320270065
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/liberal
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Democrat_vs_Republican
http://newsflavor.com/politics/us-politics/differences-between-republicans-and-democrats/ 
http://www.aclu.org/capital-punishment/question-innocence
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_wit_fir-crime-murders-with-firearms
 Images:
 http://www.sentryjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/How-Will-Media-Report-GOP-Beating-Democrats-in-New-Gallup-Poll.gif
http://ncsalceditor.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/big-business.jpg 
 https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOJRhiOJrMgbRdOdPS37G61M5LxIms1FoUTyXOTVN2waTLw_V5tRwaEPbYFnQOgGKWldksr67RamnQ5vTDEk4ivkyHZAHMlzNa3skQXP_H_orEw7r7BC1kFOApe0YttJ6m_yHgjwBsZMY/s1600/Taxes.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/United_States_Department_of_Defense_Seal.svg/600px-United_States_Department_of_Defense_Seal.svg.png
http://ramirezrepresents.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/second-amendment.jpg
http://www.twolia.com/blogs/zoboxrox/files/2009/06/gunmap420.gif
http://www.adoration.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/deathpenalty.jpg
http://www.anewdayforimmigration.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/immigration-law-cartoon-300x209.jpg
http://multithousandaires.com/wp-content/gallery/mt-exibit/alternative-energy.jpg
https://bmshistory7p8.wikispaces.com/file/view/world_religion.gif/216267186/288x259/world_religion.gif
http://cosmopos.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/rock_the_vote_banner-22.jpg

Latitude and Longitude

The Earth is, more or less, a sphere.  So, if we are trying to explain a specific location, or an absolute location, how do we do that?  

Let's pretend there are no states, no cities, no addresses to make locations easy to find.  That shouldn't be too hard, there are several places in the world where that is true.  So, how do we find a specific place?  Well that's harder.  Not only did it take centuries to figure out, but it's complicated to explain.  Basically, though, it had to do with figuring out the sun's location in relation to time.  It all had to do with angles and since angles are measured in degrees (and minutes and seconds, but we won't get into that, either), we will measure exact locations in degrees as well.


So, things would be so much easier if the Earth was flat.  But it's not.  But we are going to do our best to make it seem like it.  We are going to draw lines on our sphere.

Will that help us locate a place on the Earth?  Sure it would, but we have to make some rules: 


 First, those lines need names.  

What are we going to call the lines that go around our FAT earth like a belt?  

Lines of Latitude

Lines of LAT-itude.  Latitude, Fatitude.

Lines of Longitude

What are we going to call the LONG up and down lines?  

Lines of LONG-itude.  (They are also called Meridians)

So now we have some simple vocabulary, but  that's not enough.  We need to define zero.  That will be the starting line.  Or the place where the counting begins.

The line of latitude that goes around the center of the Earth is the equator.  It is an equal distance from both the North and South Poles.  It's 0°.  It separates the Earth into two parts.  Into halves.  Into half-spheres.  The correct term for that is hemispheres.

If you travel 10 ° North of that, the degrees of Latitude are labeled 10° N.  If you travel 45° South of the Equator, you are at 45°S.  

It sounds simple, right?  You travel towards the North Pole (90° N)  from the Equator, you are in the Northern Hemisphere and so are labeled North.  Don't get confused.  Lines of latitude RUN East and West, but are labeled for which hemisphere they are progressing towards a pole in.  Lines of latitude are labeled North or South.  


So which hemisphere is the US in?  Are we closer to the North Pole or the South Pole?

The Earth can also be divided into Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Hemi means half.  So, you can only have two hemispheres at one time.

 

 

To divide the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres, we have two important lines of longitude.  Since longitudinal lines are also called meridians, that should give you a hint to what the main meridian is called. It's the Prime Meridian!

The Prime Meridian is labeled 0°.  As you travel 5 ° West of the Prime Meridian, you are at 5° W.  Make sense?  So, if you travel 70 degrees East of the Prime Meridian, you are at 70° E.  Meridians, or lines of longitude run North and South, but are labeled by which hemisphere they are moving away from the Prime Meridian in. Lines of Longitude are labeled either East or West.  

The crazy thing is that unlike the equator, it didn't matter in the least where the Prime Meridian was. The equator, by definition, is equidistant from the North and South Poles, but there is nothing to be half way between as far as longitude.  But, at the time when it was decided exactly which meridian would be the Prime Meridian (which sounds like a Transformer), one country had a bigger voice than the rest of the others.  

In 1884, it was determined that the Prime Meridian would go through Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England (London).  Not every country used this as 0° Longitude right away, but today it is universally recognized.  

Which hemisphere is the US in?  Are we West or East of the Prime Meridian?

Prime Meridian

 But the Prime Meridian is only one boundary of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.  

Look at the map.  The Prime Meridian doesn't cut through the entire globe. 

There is a second line that separates the Eastern and Western Hemispheres!  

International Date Line

It's called the International Date Line!  

The International Date Line is labeled 180°.  That makes sense.  There are 360° in a circle, and half of that is: 180°!

You might wonder:  Why is it jagged?  It's actually a really important time zone border.  Not only would it be frustrating to have a country in two different time zones, but at this specific boundary, the date changes.  So, while it could be Friday, August 7th, here, it's very possibly Saturday, August 8th in Japan.  (I know that sounds crazy...  just trust me...  it's all about the rotation of the Earth) 

 So, now we have our lines of latitude (labeled N or S) and our lines of longitude (labeled E or W).  


Let's look at the Earth in a way that we can see all the hemispheres at once.  

These are called quadrants.  
Quadrants in the Northern Hemisphere are all labeled N for North. 


Quadrants in the Southern Hemisphere are all labeled S for South.  The same is true for quadrants in the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.  They are labeled W and E.
If we divide the Earth into four pieces, then each piece is in two hemispheres at the same time.  

So, let's say we want to find a location in North America.  Which quadrant is that in?  


If we were trying to find a location in North America using latitude and longitude, we now know that the coordinates are N and W.  But let's be more specific.  
In 2005, the US suffered through one of the worst hurricane's in it's history.  What is the absolute location of Hurricane Katrina?


New Orleans is 30° N of the equator and 90° W of the Prime Meridian.  Do you see that on the map?  So, our location is 30°N, 90°W.  


If you have a city, it seems useless to use latitude and longitude, but let's say that  you discovered what must be an alien spaceship only partially visible under the sand in southwestern New Mexico.  You are concerned that when you come back, it might be completely buried.  So how will you find it again?  


You are going to use latitude and longitude.

But what if our location also isn't nicely situated on one of the latitude or longitude lines?  Well, we have to estimate.  

Our spaceship siting is marked with the X.  Let's do latitude first.  It's between 30° and 40° N of the equator.  Do you see that?  Is it half way in between?  If that were so, it would be 35°N.  Be careful here.  Do not confuse the northern border of New Mexico for a line of latitude.  Do you see that it seems a little closer to 30° than halfway?   It looks like it's at about 34°N. (Remember: North because we are moving towards the North Pole from the Equator.)


What about our longitude?  It's between 100°W and 110°W of the Prime Meridian.  (That's hard to tell on this map, but if a line isn't labeled, look at some other labeled lines and see by what number the cartographers were counting.  Sometimes it's 5°, 10°, 15°...  just make sure you look and don't guess!)


Is the X closer to 100° or 110°?  It looks closer to 110°.  Is it about halfway?  Not really.  Let's call that 107° W.  Be careful with longitude. I have two suggestions: 

1. Make sure you follow the curvature of the longitude lines when estimating. The Earth is a sphere, so our lines of longitude show that.  You might want to draw a straight line between the lines of longitude to estimate, but you can't.  It has to curve.   
2. Make sure you check to see if the numbers are going up or down.  It would have been easy to say that that was 103°, when we started looking at the halfway point.  But it's closer to 110° than 100°, so it's about 107°W.

Definitions: 

Absolute Location: A point on the earth's surface defined in terms of  a coordinate system such as latitude and longitude.

Equator:the great circle of the earth that is equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole.

Prime Meridian:

The 0° meridian from which the other meridians or lines of longitude are calculated, usually taken to pass through Greenwich

International Date Line: The line approximately following the 180° meridian from Greenwich on the east side of which the date is one day earlier than on the west.

Latitude: The measurement, in degrees, of a place's distance north or south of the equator. 

Longitude:A measurement, in degrees, of a place's distance east or west of the prime meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England. 

Meridian: synonym to longitude

Hemisphere:  Either the northern or southern half of the Earth as divided by the equator, or the eastern or western half as divided by a meridian, especially the prime meridian.

Cartographer: a map maker

Here are a couple of good websites for further explanation:

http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_latlong.html

This is a wonderful website for creating maps to use in class or for practice.  

http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/mapping/outline-map/

North American Countries

Which countries make up North America?  That seems easy, right?  Canada, the United States and Mexico.  But wait!  There are more!

 There is an isthmus (rhymes with Christmas) that connects Mexico and South America.  
An isthmus is a thin strip of land that connects two larger pieces of land.  
 This isthmus, called Central America, is actually part of North America. 

Which means, we've got a few more countries to learn. 


So, let's learn the names of the countries!


First, let's start with a saying: 

Good

Boys 

Eat 

Hamburgers

Not 

Canned 

Peas 

Say it again.  And again.  Really remember it, because it will  help you.  

Good

Boys 

Eat 

Hamburgers

Not 

Canned 

Peas

So, what does it stand for?

Guatemala 
Belize 
El Salvador 
Honduras 
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama 

Now what is the order?  Good Boys Eat Hamburgers Not Canned Peas.  

It's ordered like you are reading a book. From left to right, up and down.  Geographically speaking, it's from West to East, North to South.  

My suggestion:  point to each country and say the original saying: Good Boys Eat Hamburgers Not Canned Peas.  Do this, mindfully, about 7 times.  

Next, say the country names while pointing to the country.  It's important that you point to the country.  Look at the country and its shape.  Notice how in the middle of Panama is a canal which breaks the country into two.  On some maps it looks like two separate countries, but it's not. 

Now, try it without looking at the names of the countries.  

Point to each country in order.  Look at the country and it's shape and say its name.  Say them in order seven times.  Then jump around the isthmus and say each country's name.  

It takes some time, but you'll have it!

Bias in Map Projections

The Earth is a sphere.  But maps are flat.  This makes them easy to read, but it's not easy to take something that is spherical and make it flat.  When cartographers, or mapmakers, do this, they run into problems.  The only way to have an accurate depiction of our Earth is to make a round map.  That's a globe. 

Most other representations, or map projections, are biased.  Bias means that prejudice is shown for or against someone or something unfairly.  An example: you have been friends with someone since Kindergarten and then another classmate tells you that your friend stole a book from his locker, you might not want to believe the classmate.  That might be because you are biased for your friend.  Likewise, if you hear from a classmate that the kid who always makes mean comments to you under her breathe in class stole a book from his locker, you might believe it.  You are biased against the bully. 

Now let's look at map projections.  We will start with the Mercator Projection.  It is a map projection that we have seen time and again.  It's popular with publishers, and so it ends up on many classroom walls.

Mercator Projection

 

We want to look at a few things (these are on your grid): 

1. Are the lines of latitude and longitude equidistant on the map?  Equidistant means equal distance.  (So, latitude and longitude makes a grip on the map.  Are all the squares on the map the same size?  A good way to tell quickly, is use your finger to roughly measure the height of one square at the equator and compare are you make your way towards one of the poles.  Are they the same size?  
2. Compare the size of the continents on this map to those on a globe.  What do you notice?  What is too big?  What is too small?  Or what is just the right size? Give three examples....then....
3.  Is this map projection biased?  If there are quite a few things that are distorted (misshapen or the wrong size), then the answer is YES!  If things look about the right size, then the answer is NO!
4. We will decide, later, whether the map is trustworthy or not based on this information.

So, let's start.

• Answer the question if the coordinates are equidistant.  Are they? Take a look.  The squares at the equator look small when compared to those closer to the poles.  So the answer is: NO!

• Now we are trying to determine whether the map is biased.  So let's look at some different areas of the globe. 
• Let's start with Greenland.  Look at it's size on the globe below.  Compare that to the projection above. Greenland looks HUGE on the projection, but small on the globe.  Write that as an example. 

• Let's go to Africa.  Look at it's size on the globe below and compare to the projection.  Africa looks teeny tiny on the map when compared to the globe.  Write that as an example.

• Look at Antarctica.  Look at it's size on the globe below and compare to the projection. Antarctica looks like it could gobble up South America on the map, but it's not so big on the globe.  Is it?  Write that down as your third example. 

• Is the map biased?  You now have three examples.  What do you think?  Is it a fair representation of the Earth?  If not, then the map is biased and you would write: YES.  If the map made the land masses look about the same as on the globe, then the map is not biased, and the answer would be: NO. 

Now, grab a globe, and fill out the grid for the following map projections:

Robinson Projection

 Peters Projection

 Goode Projection

Lambert Projection